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data-end=\"2191\">\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2192\" data-end=\"2269\">\n<p data-start=\"2194\" data-end=\"2269\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2270\" data-end=\"2328\">\n<p data-start=\"2272\" data-end=\"2328\">\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2330\" data-end=\"2431\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2433\" data-end=\"2436\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"2438\" data-end=\"2501\"><strong data-start=\"2441\" data-end=\"2501\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 3: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"2503\" data-end=\"2518\"><strong data-start=\"2503\" data-end=\"2516\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2519\" data-end=\"2614\">\n<li data-start=\"2519\" data-end=\"2553\">\n<p data-start=\"2521\" data-end=\"2553\">\u062a\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2554\" data-end=\"2614\">\n<p data-start=\"2556\" data-end=\"2614\">\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2616\" data-end=\"2636\"><strong data-start=\"2616\" data-end=\"2634\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2637\" data-end=\"2750\">\n<li data-start=\"2637\" data-end=\"2699\">\n<p data-start=\"2639\" data-end=\"2699\">\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2700\" data-end=\"2750\">\n<p data-start=\"2702\" data-end=\"2750\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2752\" data-end=\"2768\"><strong data-start=\"2752\" data-end=\"2766\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2769\" data-end=\"2959\">\n<li data-start=\"2769\" data-end=\"2837\">\n<p data-start=\"2771\" data-end=\"2837\">\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2838\" data-end=\"2910\">\n<p data-start=\"2840\" data-end=\"2910\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2911\" data-end=\"2959\">\n<p data-start=\"2913\" data-end=\"2959\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2961\" data-end=\"3061\">\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3063\" data-end=\"3066\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3068\" data-end=\"3124\"><strong data-start=\"3071\" data-end=\"3124\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 4: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3126\" data-end=\"3141\"><strong data-start=\"3126\" data-end=\"3139\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3142\" data-end=\"3235\">\n<li data-start=\"3142\" data-end=\"3170\">\n<p data-start=\"3144\" data-end=\"3170\">\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3171\" data-end=\"3206\">\n<p data-start=\"3173\" data-end=\"3206\">\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3207\" data-end=\"3235\">\n<p data-start=\"3209\" data-end=\"3235\">\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3237\" data-end=\"3257\"><strong data-start=\"3237\" data-end=\"3255\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3258\" data-end=\"3339\">\n<li data-start=\"3258\" data-end=\"3293\">\n<p data-start=\"3260\" data-end=\"3293\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3294\" data-end=\"3339\">\n<p data-start=\"3296\" data-end=\"3339\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3341\" data-end=\"3357\"><strong data-start=\"3341\" data-end=\"3355\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3358\" data-end=\"3551\">\n<li data-start=\"3358\" data-end=\"3426\">\n<p data-start=\"3360\" data-end=\"3426\">\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 PTFE \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3427\" data-end=\"3494\">\n<p data-start=\"3429\" data-end=\"3494\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3495\" data-end=\"3551\">\n<p data-start=\"3497\" data-end=\"3551\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3553\" data-end=\"3634\">\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"3636\" data-end=\"3639\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"3641\" data-end=\"3702\"><strong data-start=\"3644\" data-end=\"3702\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 5: \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"3704\" data-end=\"3719\"><strong data-start=\"3704\" data-end=\"3717\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3720\" data-end=\"3785\">\n<li data-start=\"3720\" data-end=\"3753\">\n<p data-start=\"3722\" data-end=\"3753\">\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3754\" data-end=\"3785\">\n<p data-start=\"3756\" data-end=\"3785\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3787\" data-end=\"3807\"><strong data-start=\"3787\" data-end=\"3805\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3808\" data-end=\"3907\">\n<li data-start=\"3808\" data-end=\"3869\">\n<p data-start=\"3810\" data-end=\"3869\">\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3870\" data-end=\"3907\">\n<p data-start=\"3872\" data-end=\"3907\">\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"3909\" data-end=\"3925\"><strong data-start=\"3909\" data-end=\"3923\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3926\" data-end=\"4083\">\n<li data-start=\"3926\" data-end=\"3964\">\n<p data-start=\"3928\" data-end=\"3964\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0636\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3965\" data-end=\"4025\">\n<p data-start=\"3967\" data-end=\"4025\">\u0627\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4026\" data-end=\"4083\">\n<p data-start=\"4028\" data-end=\"4083\">\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4085\" data-end=\"4185\">\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 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data-end=\"4286\">\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4287\" data-end=\"4333\">\n<p data-start=\"4289\" data-end=\"4333\">\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 (PLC) \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0639 (DCS)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"4335\" data-end=\"4355\"><strong data-start=\"4335\" data-end=\"4353\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4356\" data-end=\"4445\">\n<li data-start=\"4356\" data-end=\"4376\">\n<p data-start=\"4358\" data-end=\"4376\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 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data-end=\"4756\"><strong data-start=\"4687\" data-end=\"4756\">\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629: \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"4758\" data-end=\"4939\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4941\" data-end=\"5218\">\n<li data-start=\"4941\" data-end=\"5001\">\n<p data-start=\"4943\" data-end=\"5001\">\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5002\" data-end=\"5069\">\n<p data-start=\"5004\" data-end=\"5069\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5070\" data-end=\"5144\">\n<p data-start=\"5072\" data-end=\"5144\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5145\" data-end=\"5218\">\n<p data-start=\"5147\" data-end=\"5218\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 OEM \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u062c<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"5220\" data-end=\"5299\">\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 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\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5601\" data-end=\"5823\">\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction In industrial applications, level transmitters are widely used as continuous level gauges to provide real-time level measurement for process control and safety systems. Although modern level transmitters are highly reliable, improper selection, installation, or operating conditions can still cause measurement problems. Unstable signals, inaccurate readings, or frequent failures are often not caused by product&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30518,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[295],"tags":[323],"class_list":["post-30515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-level-gauge","tag-troubleshooting"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Common Level Transmitter Problems and How to Solve Them - Instrava<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Our factory can solve common problems encountered during the use of level gauges. 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